Before Pedro Menendez de Aviles, founder of St. Augustine, ever set foot on Florida sand, he warned his grown son to avoid getting caught in late-summer storms along the coast.
Captain-general Juan Menendez, commanding the escort galleon La Concepcion for a treasure-ship fleet, left a Mexico port and made it safely to Cuba to join an annual flotilla for home in Spain. Delays because of adverse winds kept the ships at port for two weeks.
Former newspaperman-turned-librarian Robert I. Davidsson writes in his 2001 book, Indian River: A History of the Ais Indians in Spanish Florida, that at the peak of the hurricane season, on Aug. 15, 1563, the young Menendez set sail, ignoring his father's advice.
The full force of a hurricane hit the fleet on Sept. 10, sinking one of the ships. Three damaged ships later reached Hispaniola. Eight others made it to Spain. Although the crews of other ships saw La Concepcion appear to sail well out of the storm, Juan Menendez, his crew and their ship were never seen again.
Word of his missing son reached Pedro Menendez while he was under house arrest on what turned out to be a false charge of smuggling, Davidsson writes. Once freed, Menendez set out in search for his son, hoping to find him shipwrecked in Bermuda or Florida.
Spain's King Phillip II granted Menendez the ships he needed, but also told him to survey Florida's coastline for sea charts that future navigators could use to avoid danger.
IN SEARCH OF SURVIVORS
Menendez learned that a Frenchman who had been part of a mutiny at Fort Caroline spoke of three surviving Christians from a shipwreck about the right time were living with the Ais (pronounced ice) of the Florida coast near Cape Canaveral. Others, too, reported Spaniards taken by the Ais along with gold and silver bars from a wreck.
Cape Canaveral takes it name from the Spanish word for reed, which sounds harmless.
It wasn't.
Francisco Gordillo, captain of a slave ship, was commissioned in the early 1500s to bring captives from the Bahamas to Hispaniola, but the islands' population was dwindling from previous slave raids. Instead, he and another slave captain violated Spanish law by trying to take slaves in La Florida, land then under the king's grant to Juan Ponce de Leon.
While his ship was anchored off the east Florida cape, Gordillo sent a landing party ashore to seize coastal natives as slaves. Most of the slavers died in a rain of arrows made of cane or reeds and fired by Ais warriors, who had long before learned to watch for slave ships.
Florida historian Marjorie Stoneman Douglas cites Gordillo as the first to use the name "canaveral" for the cape.
Some five decades later, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, one of Ponce de Leon's successors who had the king's blessing to whatever he could make of La Florida, made his first exploration of the coastline south of Cape Canaveral.
He, too, encountered the Ais. The year was 1565. The same was true 131 years later, when English shipwreck survivor Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker held for two months as a captive, wrote that the cacique (chief) of the Ais was in control of the coastline from the cape to Jupiter Inlet and inland to the St. Johns and Kissimmee rivers.
Gold, silver and other loot from shipwrecks off the Atlantic coast was given as tribute to the chief of the village on the Indian River. The chief, the village and the tribe were all called Ais. The Spanish even called the Indian River the "Rio d'Ais."
The king of Spain in early 1565 granted Menendez, then 46, the "Capitulacion y Asiento," or the right to conquest and settlement of Florida, but the Ais never recognized it. Menendez still held the honor when he died, having never achieved his goals in Florida, which included protecting Spanish treasure ships and subduing the Ais and other tribes that plundered the riches from shipwrecks.
Historians have also called the same tribe by the names Ays, Asis, Is and Jece. The Spanish of the 1700s called them the Costa (coastal) Indians. Kissimmee is a modern spelling of a tribal village of the Jororo, inland allies of the Ais against the Timucua and the Spanish. A Spanish map-maker in 1752 included "Cacema" for the river and the village that include a Spanish mission.
MENENDEZ AND THE AIS
Menendez arrived in Florida as an experienced seaman who had served Spain in its fight against French pirates. He had also led fleets escorting Spanish ships taking gold and silver from Latin America along Florida's Gulf Stream that shoots them across the Atlantic to Europe.
With 1,500 soldiers, sailors and settlers, he arrived in Florida, established St. Augustine and immediately set off to sack the settlement of French Protestants at Fort Caroline near the mouth of the St. Johns River. He followed that by slaughtering his Huguenot rival, French Admiral Jean Ribault, and his men south of St. Augustine at what became known as Matanzas ("massacre") Inlet.
His next step was setting up two forts along the coast south of St. Augustine to prevent Ais from attacking ships or waiting for shipwrecks. He marched his army on foot from St. Augustine as his ships followed at the same pace. Near what is now Vero Beach, he found an Ais village at an Indian River inlet, offered the chief gifts and accepted the chief's invitation into his lodge.
Pleased with the results, Menendez set sail for Havana for food and supplies for the forts he left manned.
"The good will of the Cacique of Ais lasted until the sails of [Menendez's] two ships disappeared beneath the horizon," Davidsson writes.
The soldiers and sailors met the same fate as other Spaniards who landed unwanted in Ais land. The Ais surrounded the forts. Food supplies dwindled, and the army was too weak and too afraid to venture out to hunt or fish. Desertion was common. Many of them died, some drowning while trying to swim a canal.
Little by little, the sieges, which included barrages of arrows, reduced the garrisons until only a few were able to fight. The survivors fled and the forts were abandoned.
While away, Menendez searched the Florida Keys and coastal islands for his lost son. He returned to St. Augustine to find that he had to put down a mutiny and rebuild and reinforce the satellite forts.
Once again, he approached the Ais, seeking peace. Once again, they accepted his gifts. But that didn't stop hostilities nor sieges on his forts. Any attempt by missionary Jesuits was fruitless. By 1568, Menendez gave up trying to keep forts within the Ais land.
Davidsson writes, "The Ais and allied coastal tribes survived the colonization efforts of the most powerful and determined governor of the Spanish colonial period. . . . [T]he long Ais coastline of central and southern Florida remained a dangerous place for shipwrecked mariners."
Besides that, Menendez never found his son.
Recalled to Spain, Menendez died penniless at age 55.