[SIZE=+1](5) After fall of Carthage, many Carthaginians and Phoenicians became Jews; origin of Jews of Spain (a Carthaginian colony)[/SIZE]
The fall of Carthage marked the end of the Phoenician/Carthaginian civilization, which Arnold J. Toynbee classed as part of Syriac Civilization.
After the destruction of Carthage by Rome, many Carthaginians and Phoenicians converted to Judaism, because Jerusalem was the only remaining centre of West Semitic civilization.
Spain had been a Carthaginian colony. This conversion by Carthaginians is the likely origin of the large Jewish communities of Spain and North Africa.
John Rose wrote, in his article
Karl Marx, Abram Leon and the Jewish Question - a reappraisal (International Socialism: A quarterly journal of revolutionary Socialism, Issue 119, 24 June 08
International Socialism: Karl Marx, Abram Leon and the Jewish Question?a reappraisal):
{quote} ...
Large numbers of Phoenicians and Carthaginians became Jewish, bringing with them "their commercial skills".26 Islamic expansion throughout the Mediterranean arena and beyond enhanced the Jewish trading role: "Jewish traders served as important mediators in a world divided by Islam and Christianity ... By the 9th century Hebrew had become a leading international language".27 {endquote}
Endnotes 26 & 27 are as follows:
26: Baron et al, 1975, p21. 27: Baron et al, 1975, pp28-29.
The reference is to Baron, Salo, Arcadius Kahan, et al (eds), 1975,
Economic History of the Jews (Keter). Salo Baron is an eminent Jewish historian.
Equal attestation that Carthaginians and Phoenicians became Jews is provided by Lionel Curtis - the predecessor of Arnold J. Toynbee and Samuel P. Huntington as the most eminent intellectual in the Round Table and its CFR affiliate.
Curtis wrote in his book
Civitas Dei: The Commonwealth of God (MacMillan and Co., London, 1938):
{p. 90} The Greek, Roman and Phoenician world had grown to be one economic unit. The premature death of Alexander and the absorption of his successors in the task of maintaining their various dynasties left
Rome and Carthage to decide this phase of the long
struggle between eastern and western ideas. As in the previous struggle of Greece with Persia, the issue was really decided by the relative merits of the two social systems. In the Roman polity the idea that a citizen owed more to the public interest than to himself was still uppermost, and stronger even than the passion for individual wealth. When all was lost the Carthaginians {i.e. Phoenicians} rose to heights of heroism, and, true to the tradition of the Semite race, they fought like lions when driven to their lair. With the
total destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Rome was left with no serious rival in the Mediterranean.
{p. 91} In less than a hundred years from the fall of Carthage
the Roman republic had mastered the entire basin of the
Mediterranean, the west of Europe from the Rhine to the Atlantic, and the whole Greek world including most of the conquests of Alexander, that is to say, Egypt, Syria and Asia as far as the Euphrates. The civilisation imposed on this vast area was neither Greek nor Latin but a fusion of both,
Greek elements prevailing in the east and Latin in the west.
{p. 96} In the earlier records of Greece and Rome we meet the
Phoenician traders everywhere scattered along the coasts of the Mediterranean. But after the fall of Carthage they seem to fade from the pages of history. Before the time of Caesar we meet the
Jews in every part of the Graeco-Roman world,
filling the place which the Phoenicians once occupied in the commercial life of the Mediterranean. Paul in his journeys finds a settlement of his countrymen in almost every city which he visits.
The explanation is fairly obvious. So long as Carthage remained the greatest centre of Semitic life, the mistress of Greek cities in Sicily and the formidable rival of Rome, the Phoenicians wherever they lived and traded boasted their race and their name. The splendour and wealth of Carthage covered the monstrous religion of which she was the centre with a cloak of respectability. But
when Carthage was wiped from the map the cloak fell off and the Phoenicians in the Graeco-Roman world learned to be ashamed of human sacrifice practised in its most revolting form.
Carthage fell in 146 B.C. It so happened that
their near kindred, the Jews, at that very moment had reached a stage in their history which recalled the days of the house of David.
{p. 102} The Jews proudly viewed themselves as the people to whom the God of the universe had chosen to reveal not only his nature but the ritual and law by which men ought to live. Believing this, it was natural that, under Pharisee influence, they should wish to convert others to their faith. Their
readiness at this stage of their history
'to compass sea and land to make one proselyte' is a well-established historical fact. The
edict of Hadrian forbidding circumcision, at least
of proselytes, was needed to quench it. With Jerusalem in her glory and Carthage in ruins
the scattered Phoenician traders with their close racial affinity to the Jews were likely to be
the readiest converts. From the time of Plato a certain drift towards monotheism had begun to affect the thought of the Graeco-Roman world. The Greeks and Romans viewed the religion of Jehovah with involuntary respect, and until the fall of Jerusalem regular provision was made by Roman emperors for sacrifice to be offered in the Temple on their behalf.
The Jewish communities in Rome and elsewhere were allowed to lead their separate life and accorded certain privileges. Except in Judea and Mesopotamia they had generally adopted the Greek language, and after the fall of Carthage the Phoenician traders no doubt followed suit. They had thus every motive as well as every facility for
abandoning the worship of Baal, with its hideous and barbarous rites,
for that of Jehovah and for merging themselves in the Jewish communities. The process was gradual, and we know from Tertullian that up to the time of Tiberius they were still suspected of reverting to the practice of child sacrifice.
The upshot was that
after the fall of Carthage the
{p. 103}
Jews replaced the Phoenicians as the champions of Semitic culture in opposition to Graeco-Roman civilisation.
{endquote} More at
curtis2.html.