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It looks to me like the lantern part of a "Magic Lantern" which is an early slide projector. If you google it and search images a lot of them turn up....
I'm not convinced it's magic lantern related yet. I agree with Matt about it looking like a piece of something larger. What do the knobs do? Anything besides turn? What about the big knob in the first pic, does it unscrew? Are there any electrical components in it? Do the "viewing holes" have glass in them? What size is this thing? Need more info. Interesting item.
The more I look at it the more I see how it "could" be a partial one or the light source for one. It definitely looks like a burner of some type. I think the large screw type knob is for filling it up. I think the long slotted holes are for wicks as you mentioned.I watched a couple of YouTube vids (that makes me an expert now, right? ) demonstrating magic lanterns. The small knobs are to adjust the 2 lantern wicks - missing from the OP's item - and the large knob moves the parabolic mirror to focus the light on the lens - that was, presumably, on the housing that is missing from the OP's item.
The large hole in the back is for viewing the flame. Not sure why that was needed, but they all seem to have some way to view the light source - even ones with electric or carbon arc light sources.
I'm convinced.