John (Ma)
Silver Member
- Jul 12, 2007
- 3,637
- 8
- Detector(s) used
- Minelab Excal 1000, Tesoro Silver Umax, Tiger Shark and Whites MXT.
What exactly is a PI machine and what is the pro's and cons to having one?
PI Machine?
- Thread starter John (Ma)
- Start date
Pulse induction
Pro- depth
Con- lack of reliable iron discrimination, expensive
Most PIs are used at the beach and in gold prospecting. PIs are not affected to the same extent as VLFs are to ground mineralization. The greater the ground mineralization- the greater an advantage a PI has over
a VLF. A PI will also not detect a lot of hot rocks that a VLF will squeal on. Mineralization is the main reason why PIs are superior in depth over VLFs in the gold fields.The depth of a good PI such as the GPX 4000 will outclass any VLF. Some relic hunters use them in mineralized ground in the East to go beyond the depth that VLFs can go.
The problem with PIs are either they have no reliable discrimination or have only a rudimentary form of iron ID. The Infinium and the GS5 have iron ID but they are not as reliable as VLFs. In some gold areas such as Ganes Creek which has massive amounts of iron VLFs(eg. MXT) have an advantage over PIs. At the beach and in gold prospecting PI folks dig everything so iron ID is not the most important issue. Too much ironthat you don't want to dig well just go to a VLF. You will not find many PI users in parks- as you don't want to dig DEEP holes and you don't have reliable metal ID for those DEEP holes. Coin and relic hunting is still dominated by VLFs as they need reliable metal ID.
High end PIs are also expensive- $4000 for a GPX4000. However a good gold hunter can recoup this with
gold found. I remember one individual in the UK who had found a gold coin hoard which was scattered. After
using a high end VLF to recover a good quanity, he found a few dozen more with the GPX 4000 which was
beyond the depth of a VLF. He paid his off in a few hours.
Currently some discriminating PI are being developed. When they are introduced they may shake up the status quo with regards to VLF dominance in coin and relic hunting.
George
Pro- depth
Con- lack of reliable iron discrimination, expensive
Most PIs are used at the beach and in gold prospecting. PIs are not affected to the same extent as VLFs are to ground mineralization. The greater the ground mineralization- the greater an advantage a PI has over
a VLF. A PI will also not detect a lot of hot rocks that a VLF will squeal on. Mineralization is the main reason why PIs are superior in depth over VLFs in the gold fields.The depth of a good PI such as the GPX 4000 will outclass any VLF. Some relic hunters use them in mineralized ground in the East to go beyond the depth that VLFs can go.
The problem with PIs are either they have no reliable discrimination or have only a rudimentary form of iron ID. The Infinium and the GS5 have iron ID but they are not as reliable as VLFs. In some gold areas such as Ganes Creek which has massive amounts of iron VLFs(eg. MXT) have an advantage over PIs. At the beach and in gold prospecting PI folks dig everything so iron ID is not the most important issue. Too much ironthat you don't want to dig well just go to a VLF. You will not find many PI users in parks- as you don't want to dig DEEP holes and you don't have reliable metal ID for those DEEP holes. Coin and relic hunting is still dominated by VLFs as they need reliable metal ID.
High end PIs are also expensive- $4000 for a GPX4000. However a good gold hunter can recoup this with
gold found. I remember one individual in the UK who had found a gold coin hoard which was scattered. After
using a high end VLF to recover a good quanity, he found a few dozen more with the GPX 4000 which was
beyond the depth of a VLF. He paid his off in a few hours.
Currently some discriminating PI are being developed. When they are introduced they may shake up the status quo with regards to VLF dominance in coin and relic hunting.
George
Rob66
Bronze Member
Here you go.
P.I. (Pulse Induction)
Transmitter
The search coil or loop of a Pulse Induction metal detector is very simple when compared to a VLF instrument. A single coil of wire is commonly used for both the transmit and receive functions.
The transmitter circuitry consists of a simple electronic switch which briefly connects this coil across the battery in the metal detector. The resistance of the coil is very low, which allows a current of several amperes to flow in the coil. Even though the current is high, the actual time it flows is very brief. Pulse Induction metal detectors switch on a pulse of transmit current, then shut off, then switch on another transmit pulse. The duty cycle, the time the transmit current is on with reference to the time it is off, is typically about 4%. This prevents the transmitter and coil from overheating and reduces the drain on the battery.
The pulse repetition rate (transmit frequency) of a typical PI is about 100 pulses per second. Models have been produced from a low of 22 pulses per second to a high of several thousand pulses per second. Lower frequencies usually mean greater transmit power. The transmit current flows for a much longer time per pulse however, there are fewer pulses per second. Higher frequencies usually mean a shorter transmit pulse and less power however, there are more transmit pulses per second.
Lower frequencies tend to achieve greater depth and greater sensitivity to items made from silver however, less sensitive to nickel, and gold alloys. They typically have a very slow target response which requires a very slow coil sweep speed.
Higher frequencies are more sensitive to nickel and gold alloys however, less sensitive to silver. They may not penetrate quite as deep as the lower frequency models regarding silver however, can be used with a faster coil sweep speed. Higher frequency models are generally more productive for treasure hunting because the faster sweep speed allows more area to be searched in a given time, and they are more sensitive to the ultimate beach find, gold jewelry.
As previously mentioned a typical PI search loop contains a single coil of wire which serves as both the transmit and receive coil. The transmitter operates in a manner similar to an automobile ignition system. Each time a pulse of current is switched into the transmit coil it generates a magnetic field. As the current pulse shuts off, the magnetic field around the coil suddenly collapses. When this happens, a voltage spike of a high intensity and opposite polarity appears across the coil. This voltage spike is called a counter electromotive force, or counter emf. In an automobile it is the high voltage that fires the spark plug. The spike is much lower in intensity in a PI metal detector, usually about 100 to 130 volts in peak amplitude. It is very narrow in duration, usually less than 30 millionths of a second. In a PI metal detector it is called the reflected pulse.
Receiver
Resistance is placed across the search coil to control the time it takes the reflected pulse to decay to zero. If no resistance, or very high resistance is used, it will cause the reflected pulse to "ring". The result is similar to dropping a rubber ball onto a hard surface, it will bounce several times before returning to rest. If a low resistance is used the decay time will increase and cause the reflected pulse to widen. It is similar to dropping a rubber ball onto a pillow. Since we are interested in having it bounce once critical damping for a rubber ball might be like dropping it onto carpet. A PI coil is said to be critically damped when the reflected pulse decays quickly to zero without ringing. An over or under dampened coil will cause instability and or mask the fast conducting metals such as gold as well as reduce detection depth.
When a metal object nears the loop it will store some of the energy from the reflected pulse and will increase the time it takes for the pulse to decay to zero. The change in the width of the reflected pulse is measured to signal the presents of a metal target.
In order to detect a metal object we need to concern ourselves with the portion of the reflected pulse where it decays to zero. The transmit coil is coupled to the receiver through a resister and a diode clipping circuit. The diodes limit the amount of transmit coil voltage reaching the receiver to less than one volt so as not to overload it. The signal from the receiver contains both the transmit pulse and the reflected pulse. The receiver has a typical gain of 60 decibels. This means the area where the reflected pulse reaches zero is amplified 1,000 times.
Sampling Circuit
The amplified signal coming from the receiver is connected to a switching circuit which samples the reflected portion of the pulse as it reaches zero. The reflected pulse up to this point references in actuality a series of pulses at the transmit frequency. When a metal object nears the coil the transmit portion of the signal will remain unchanged while the reflected portion of the pulse will become wider. The metal object stores some of the electrical energy from the transmit pulse and increases the time it takes for the reflected pulse to reach zero. An increase in duration of a few millionths of a second is enough to allow the detection of a metal target. The reflected pulse is sampled with an electronic switch controlled by a series of pulses which are synchronized with the transmitter.
The most sensitive sampling point on the reflected pulse is as near as possible to the point where it reaches zero. This is typically about 20 millionths of a second after the transmitter shuts off and the reflected pulse begins. Unfortunately, this is also the area where a PI can become unstable. For this reason most PI models sample the reflected pulse at a decay of 30 or 40 millionths of a second, well after it decays to zero.
Integrator
In order for an object to be detected the sample signals must be converted to a DC voltage. This task is performed by a circuit called an integrator. It averages the sampled pulses over time to provide a reference voltage. This DC reference voltage increases when metal nears the coil, then decreases as the object moves away. The DC voltage is amplified and controls the audio output circuitry which increases in pitch and/or volume to signal the presents of metal.
The time constant of the integrator determines how quickly the metal detector will respond to a metal object. A long time constant (in the range of seconds) has the advantage of reducing noise and making the metal detector easier to tune. Long time constants require a very slow sweep of the coil because a target might be missed if it passes quickly by the search coil. Short time constants (in the range of tenths of a second) respond more quickly to targets. This allows a quicker sweep of the loop however, it also allows more noise and instability.
Discrimination
PI metal detectors are not capable of the same degree of discrimination as VLF metal detectors.
By increasing the time period between transmitter shut-off and the sampling point (pulse delay), certain metal items can be rejected. Aluminum foil will be the first to be rejected followed by nickel, pull tabs and gold. Some coins can be rejected at very long sample delays however, iron cannot be rejected.
There have been many attempts to design a PI that can reject iron however these attempts have had limited results. Iron is detectable at very long time delays however, silver and copper have similar characteristics. Such long time delays also have a negative affect on detection depth. Ground mineralization will cause some widening of the reflected pulse as well, changing the point at which a target responds or rejects. If the time delay is adjusted so that a gold ring doesn't respond in an air test, that same ring may respond in mineralized ground. Mineralized ground thus changes everything regarding the time delays and discrimination of PI metal detectors.
Ground Balance
Ground balancing, while very critical on VLF metal detectors, is not necessary with PI circuits. Average ground mineralization will not store any appreciable amount of energy from the search coil and will not usually produce a signal. Such ground will not mask the signal from a buried object. On the contrary, ground mineralization will add slightly to the duration of the reflected pulse increasing the depth of detection. The term "automatic ground balance" is often applied to PI instruments because it will normally not react to mineralization and there are no external adjustments for any specific ground conditions.
Heavy black sand is an exception. It will cause a VLF coil to overload, making metal detector penetration poor at best. A PI detector will work in black sand however, some false signals may result if the coil is held very close to the ground. Ground responses can be minimized by using a longer time delay between the shut-off and sample point (pulse delay). Advancing the time delay slightly will help to smooth out the noises caused by most mineralization.
metal Automatic vs. Manual Tuning
Most PI detectors are manually tuned. This means the operator has to adjust a control until a clicking or buzzing sound is heard in the headphones. If the search conditions change, such as when moving from black sand to neutral sand or from dry land to salt water, the tuning must be re-adjusted. Failure to do so can result in reduced detection depth and missed targets. Manual tuning is very difficult with short integration time constants, so most manually tuned models use long time constants and the search coil must be swept slowly.
This is not a problem when a PI is used for scuba diving because the coil cannot be swept quickly underwater. When used at the surf line, where the coil will be in and out of salt water, a manually tuned metal detector can be very frustrating to use. The tuner must be adjusted continually to maintain a threshold. Some operators elect to set it slightly below the threshold however, that can result in a reduction in depth as the ground conditions change.
Automatic tuning, or S.A.T. (Self Adjusting Threshold) offers a significant advantage when searching in and out of salt water or over mineralized ground. S.A.T. helps keep the metal detector operating at maximum sensitivity without requiring constant adjustments by the operator. It improves the stability, reduces noise, and allows higher gain settings to be used. PI metal detectors do not emit strong, negative signals like a VLF. As such they do not "overshoot" on pockets of mineralization. With S.A.T. the coil must be kept in motion while detecting a target. Stopping over a target will cause the S.A.T. to tune it out or cease responding.
Audio Circuits
PI audio circuits generally fall into two categories: variable pitch and variable volume. Variable pitch or V.C.O. (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) audio has the advantage for faint targets because the change in pitch is easier to hear than a change in volume at lower audio levels. This is primarily true for manually tuned models. The "fire siren" sounds can become annoying and many have trouble hearing the higher tones. A variant of this is the mechanical vibrator device primarily used for deep water. It emits a slow clicking sound and vibration that increases to a buzz to signal a find. The mechanical device is easier to hear and feel over the sound of an underwater air supply.
Many people prefer a more conventional audio tone that increases in volume rather than pitch to signal a find. This audio system works best with a PI metal detector that has a fast target response and automatic tuning (S.A.T.). Automatic tuning makes the PI sound and respond similar to a typical VLF metal detector.
PI Summary Pulse Induction metal detectors are specialized instruments. They are generally not suitable for coin hunting urban areas because they do not have the ability to identify or reject ferrous (iron) trash. They can be used for relic hunting in rural areas where iron trash is not present in large quantities, or is desired. They are intended for maximum depth under extreme search conditions such as salt water beaches and highly mineralized ground. In such conditions PI type metal detectors produce superior results when compared to VLF models, particularly in the ability to ignore such extreme ground and penetrate it for maximum depth.
P.I. (Pulse Induction)
Transmitter
The search coil or loop of a Pulse Induction metal detector is very simple when compared to a VLF instrument. A single coil of wire is commonly used for both the transmit and receive functions.
The transmitter circuitry consists of a simple electronic switch which briefly connects this coil across the battery in the metal detector. The resistance of the coil is very low, which allows a current of several amperes to flow in the coil. Even though the current is high, the actual time it flows is very brief. Pulse Induction metal detectors switch on a pulse of transmit current, then shut off, then switch on another transmit pulse. The duty cycle, the time the transmit current is on with reference to the time it is off, is typically about 4%. This prevents the transmitter and coil from overheating and reduces the drain on the battery.
The pulse repetition rate (transmit frequency) of a typical PI is about 100 pulses per second. Models have been produced from a low of 22 pulses per second to a high of several thousand pulses per second. Lower frequencies usually mean greater transmit power. The transmit current flows for a much longer time per pulse however, there are fewer pulses per second. Higher frequencies usually mean a shorter transmit pulse and less power however, there are more transmit pulses per second.
Lower frequencies tend to achieve greater depth and greater sensitivity to items made from silver however, less sensitive to nickel, and gold alloys. They typically have a very slow target response which requires a very slow coil sweep speed.
Higher frequencies are more sensitive to nickel and gold alloys however, less sensitive to silver. They may not penetrate quite as deep as the lower frequency models regarding silver however, can be used with a faster coil sweep speed. Higher frequency models are generally more productive for treasure hunting because the faster sweep speed allows more area to be searched in a given time, and they are more sensitive to the ultimate beach find, gold jewelry.
As previously mentioned a typical PI search loop contains a single coil of wire which serves as both the transmit and receive coil. The transmitter operates in a manner similar to an automobile ignition system. Each time a pulse of current is switched into the transmit coil it generates a magnetic field. As the current pulse shuts off, the magnetic field around the coil suddenly collapses. When this happens, a voltage spike of a high intensity and opposite polarity appears across the coil. This voltage spike is called a counter electromotive force, or counter emf. In an automobile it is the high voltage that fires the spark plug. The spike is much lower in intensity in a PI metal detector, usually about 100 to 130 volts in peak amplitude. It is very narrow in duration, usually less than 30 millionths of a second. In a PI metal detector it is called the reflected pulse.
Receiver
Resistance is placed across the search coil to control the time it takes the reflected pulse to decay to zero. If no resistance, or very high resistance is used, it will cause the reflected pulse to "ring". The result is similar to dropping a rubber ball onto a hard surface, it will bounce several times before returning to rest. If a low resistance is used the decay time will increase and cause the reflected pulse to widen. It is similar to dropping a rubber ball onto a pillow. Since we are interested in having it bounce once critical damping for a rubber ball might be like dropping it onto carpet. A PI coil is said to be critically damped when the reflected pulse decays quickly to zero without ringing. An over or under dampened coil will cause instability and or mask the fast conducting metals such as gold as well as reduce detection depth.
When a metal object nears the loop it will store some of the energy from the reflected pulse and will increase the time it takes for the pulse to decay to zero. The change in the width of the reflected pulse is measured to signal the presents of a metal target.
In order to detect a metal object we need to concern ourselves with the portion of the reflected pulse where it decays to zero. The transmit coil is coupled to the receiver through a resister and a diode clipping circuit. The diodes limit the amount of transmit coil voltage reaching the receiver to less than one volt so as not to overload it. The signal from the receiver contains both the transmit pulse and the reflected pulse. The receiver has a typical gain of 60 decibels. This means the area where the reflected pulse reaches zero is amplified 1,000 times.
Sampling Circuit
The amplified signal coming from the receiver is connected to a switching circuit which samples the reflected portion of the pulse as it reaches zero. The reflected pulse up to this point references in actuality a series of pulses at the transmit frequency. When a metal object nears the coil the transmit portion of the signal will remain unchanged while the reflected portion of the pulse will become wider. The metal object stores some of the electrical energy from the transmit pulse and increases the time it takes for the reflected pulse to reach zero. An increase in duration of a few millionths of a second is enough to allow the detection of a metal target. The reflected pulse is sampled with an electronic switch controlled by a series of pulses which are synchronized with the transmitter.
The most sensitive sampling point on the reflected pulse is as near as possible to the point where it reaches zero. This is typically about 20 millionths of a second after the transmitter shuts off and the reflected pulse begins. Unfortunately, this is also the area where a PI can become unstable. For this reason most PI models sample the reflected pulse at a decay of 30 or 40 millionths of a second, well after it decays to zero.
Integrator
In order for an object to be detected the sample signals must be converted to a DC voltage. This task is performed by a circuit called an integrator. It averages the sampled pulses over time to provide a reference voltage. This DC reference voltage increases when metal nears the coil, then decreases as the object moves away. The DC voltage is amplified and controls the audio output circuitry which increases in pitch and/or volume to signal the presents of metal.
The time constant of the integrator determines how quickly the metal detector will respond to a metal object. A long time constant (in the range of seconds) has the advantage of reducing noise and making the metal detector easier to tune. Long time constants require a very slow sweep of the coil because a target might be missed if it passes quickly by the search coil. Short time constants (in the range of tenths of a second) respond more quickly to targets. This allows a quicker sweep of the loop however, it also allows more noise and instability.
Discrimination
PI metal detectors are not capable of the same degree of discrimination as VLF metal detectors.
By increasing the time period between transmitter shut-off and the sampling point (pulse delay), certain metal items can be rejected. Aluminum foil will be the first to be rejected followed by nickel, pull tabs and gold. Some coins can be rejected at very long sample delays however, iron cannot be rejected.
There have been many attempts to design a PI that can reject iron however these attempts have had limited results. Iron is detectable at very long time delays however, silver and copper have similar characteristics. Such long time delays also have a negative affect on detection depth. Ground mineralization will cause some widening of the reflected pulse as well, changing the point at which a target responds or rejects. If the time delay is adjusted so that a gold ring doesn't respond in an air test, that same ring may respond in mineralized ground. Mineralized ground thus changes everything regarding the time delays and discrimination of PI metal detectors.
Ground Balance
Ground balancing, while very critical on VLF metal detectors, is not necessary with PI circuits. Average ground mineralization will not store any appreciable amount of energy from the search coil and will not usually produce a signal. Such ground will not mask the signal from a buried object. On the contrary, ground mineralization will add slightly to the duration of the reflected pulse increasing the depth of detection. The term "automatic ground balance" is often applied to PI instruments because it will normally not react to mineralization and there are no external adjustments for any specific ground conditions.
Heavy black sand is an exception. It will cause a VLF coil to overload, making metal detector penetration poor at best. A PI detector will work in black sand however, some false signals may result if the coil is held very close to the ground. Ground responses can be minimized by using a longer time delay between the shut-off and sample point (pulse delay). Advancing the time delay slightly will help to smooth out the noises caused by most mineralization.
metal Automatic vs. Manual Tuning
Most PI detectors are manually tuned. This means the operator has to adjust a control until a clicking or buzzing sound is heard in the headphones. If the search conditions change, such as when moving from black sand to neutral sand or from dry land to salt water, the tuning must be re-adjusted. Failure to do so can result in reduced detection depth and missed targets. Manual tuning is very difficult with short integration time constants, so most manually tuned models use long time constants and the search coil must be swept slowly.
This is not a problem when a PI is used for scuba diving because the coil cannot be swept quickly underwater. When used at the surf line, where the coil will be in and out of salt water, a manually tuned metal detector can be very frustrating to use. The tuner must be adjusted continually to maintain a threshold. Some operators elect to set it slightly below the threshold however, that can result in a reduction in depth as the ground conditions change.
Automatic tuning, or S.A.T. (Self Adjusting Threshold) offers a significant advantage when searching in and out of salt water or over mineralized ground. S.A.T. helps keep the metal detector operating at maximum sensitivity without requiring constant adjustments by the operator. It improves the stability, reduces noise, and allows higher gain settings to be used. PI metal detectors do not emit strong, negative signals like a VLF. As such they do not "overshoot" on pockets of mineralization. With S.A.T. the coil must be kept in motion while detecting a target. Stopping over a target will cause the S.A.T. to tune it out or cease responding.
Audio Circuits
PI audio circuits generally fall into two categories: variable pitch and variable volume. Variable pitch or V.C.O. (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) audio has the advantage for faint targets because the change in pitch is easier to hear than a change in volume at lower audio levels. This is primarily true for manually tuned models. The "fire siren" sounds can become annoying and many have trouble hearing the higher tones. A variant of this is the mechanical vibrator device primarily used for deep water. It emits a slow clicking sound and vibration that increases to a buzz to signal a find. The mechanical device is easier to hear and feel over the sound of an underwater air supply.
Many people prefer a more conventional audio tone that increases in volume rather than pitch to signal a find. This audio system works best with a PI metal detector that has a fast target response and automatic tuning (S.A.T.). Automatic tuning makes the PI sound and respond similar to a typical VLF metal detector.
PI Summary Pulse Induction metal detectors are specialized instruments. They are generally not suitable for coin hunting urban areas because they do not have the ability to identify or reject ferrous (iron) trash. They can be used for relic hunting in rural areas where iron trash is not present in large quantities, or is desired. They are intended for maximum depth under extreme search conditions such as salt water beaches and highly mineralized ground. In such conditions PI type metal detectors produce superior results when compared to VLF models, particularly in the ability to ignore such extreme ground and penetrate it for maximum depth.
Sandman
Gold Member
- Aug 6, 2005
- 13,398
- 3,993
- Detector(s) used
- Excal 1000, Excal II, Sovereign GT, CZ-20, Tiger Shark, Tejon, GTI 1500, Surfmaster Pulse, CZ6a, DFX, AT PRO, Fisher 1235, Surf PI Pro, 1280-X, many more because I enjoy learning them. New Garrett Ca
- Primary Interest:
- All Treasure Hunting
Fantastic post Dunn! I thought George pinned it down till I read yours.
Rob66
Bronze Member
Web is full of info.I learned a couple things myself.
Pass the good word right? Always willing to help.
mission accomplished.
Pass the good word right? Always willing to help.
mission accomplished.
Rob66
Bronze Member
It's just alot easier.I don't even think I know how to insert the link.
I'll give it a shot next time.
Thanks for the advice.
I'll give it a shot next time.
Thanks for the advice.
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