It is the "main" component of a 3-piece button... missing its back and the crimped-on rim which held the front and back together. Specifically, your find is the "front" of a US Army Staff Officer button, a type which was manufactured from 1832 to 1902. Because your US Army Staff front is very high-domed AND it has a narrow flange (which the rim gripped), yours dates from the late-1840s to early-1870s. Explanation: The earliest ones were not as high-domed, and late-1870s to 1902 ones tended to have a wider rim.